Results

1. Introduction: The Enigma of Invisible Value Why can two companies with identical revenues be valued so differently during a sale or a fundraising round?

After exploring how to legally protect know-how and the challenges of its accounting recognition, the central question arises: what is it actually worth? Financial valuation

Know-how is often the most valuable asset of an innovative company—its “grey gold.” Yet this competitive advantage remains difficult to protect and to reflect in

The concept of national sovereignty, long perceived mainly as a political concern, has now become a major economic and financial factor, particularly in Europe and

1. What is a trade secret, and what conditions are required for its protection? A trade secret, also referred to as a commercial secret or

Know-how and undisclosed business information, commonly referred to as trade secrets, are intangible assets of critical strategic importance for the growth, competitiveness, and innovative performance

The value of intangible assets held by global companies has grown dramatically, highlighting their increasingly critical role in the modern economy. In 2024, the global

The recent “World Intangible Investment Highlights (WIIH) 2025” report, co-published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Luiss Business School (LBS), highlights an